Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. There was thus a suppressed tension in the countryside, ready to break out whenever governmental pressure might be reduced. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades in London. McNamara, Robert. The mysterious appearance of chapatisloaves of an Indian unleavened breadspooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. [6]. A cartridge of this kind, containing powder and nothing more, is often specified as an unballed cartridge. On 29 March 1857, Mangal Pandey, a sepoy of the 34 th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) mutinied against his commanding officers of the East India Company. Sepoy units in the south of India remained loyal, but in the north, many units of the Bengal Army turned on the British. Rumors began to spread that the grease used to make the cartridges was derived from pigs and cows, which would be highly offensive to Muslims and Hindus. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible. Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. The rani found a soldiers death, and Tantia Topi became a fugitive. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 291-292 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Christian organisations from Britain had additionally created 222 "unattached" mission stations across India in the decade preceding the rebellion. Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. [21], The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Though the revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose. [16], At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese. A number of Indians began to suspect that the British intended to convert the Indian population to Christianity. The army became an efficient professional body, drawn largely from the northwest and aloof from the national life. Mason, Philip (1974), page 226 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before. The transfer of the number 66th which was taken away from a regular Bengal Sepoy regiment of the line disbanded over refusal to serve without batta, and given to a Gurkha battalion, was considered by the Sepoy as a breach of faith by the company. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Greased Cartridges: The Revolt of 1857 was triggered by the use of new Enfield rifles whose cartridges were believed to be greased with cow and pig fat, leading to the refusal of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys to use them. The revolt began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut as a sepoy mutiny. Several events happened that led to the Sepoys revolting and was called the Indian Revolt of 1857. The Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against the rule of British East India Company in India which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British crown. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. Mike Dash is a contributing writer in history for Smithsonian.com. The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2010);Andrew Ward. Famous For: Revolt of 1857. Mangal Pandey, (born July 19, 1827, Akbarpur, Indiadied April 8, 1857, Barrackpore), Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other similar names). In India, it has been viewed quite differently. On May 9, 1857, some 4,000 British soldiers and sepoysnative Indian troopsformed a three-sided hollow square on the parade ground at the Meerut military cantonment, 40 miles northeast of Delhi, to witness punishment. Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. It was a major event in South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India. He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and give two to each of the five nearest village Chowkeydars with the same instructions. The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). Large numbers of native soldiers, known as sepoys, were employed by the company to maintain order and defend trading centers. ThoughtCo, Jul. Mason, Philip (1974), page 236 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. There was rumor about an old prophecy that the company's rule would end after a hundred years. The Politics of a Popular Uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994);Mark Thornhill. Prior to the outbreak of the Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the British. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company, . He first defeated the Gwalior contingent and then, when the rebels Tantia Topi and Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi had seized Gwalior, broke up their forces in two more battles. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny, which was brutally suppressed. Is the sending of such articles about the country a custom among the Hindoos or Mussulmans; and would the meaning be at once understood without any accompanying explanation? is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel. Map: Wikicommons. By a campaign in Avadh and Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside. India at the time of the 1857 rebellion. To "the cow reverencing Hindu and the pig paranoid Muslims" having to bite this was repellent, defiling and deadly to their religious prospects. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. The Indian garrison at Delhi joined them, and by the next nightfall they had secured the city and Mughal fort, proclaiming the aged titular Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II, as their leader. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. The chapatis were real, but no one knew for sure what they were for. It was against this backdrop of uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. The lack of planning after the outbreak rules out these two explanations, while the degree of popular support argues more than a purely military outbreak. He also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. From the confidential physician to the King of Delhi: Nobody can tell what was the object of the distribution of the chupatties. There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 185758 lived on in both Britain and India. Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. [12], There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. A rumor spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. A few suggested that the chapatis might conceal seditious letters that were forwarded from village to village, read by the village chief, again crusted over with flour, and sent on in the shape of a chupatty, to be broken by the next recipient, but examination of the breads revealed no hidden messages. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. When Muslim and Hindu troops learned that the tip of the Enfield cartridge had to be bitten off to prepare it for firing, a number of troops refused, for religious reasons, to accept the ammunition. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Proceedings of the Trial of Badahur Shah. In Accounts and Papers, East Indies, Session 3 February-19 April 1859, Parliamentary Papers XVIII of 1859;William Wotherspoon Ireland. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? His name has become synonymous with the revolt of 1857. In addition, the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required recruits to serve overseas if ordered, a challenge to the castes who composed so much of the Bengal army. [19] Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (Everything has become red) was being whispered.. It was a source of inspiration for the national liberation movement, which later achieved what the revolt could not. Centers and leaders of the revolt of 1857. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. In fact, it was rather the last effort of traditional India. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. In spite of their apparently desperate situation, the British possessed long-term advantages: they could and did receive reinforcements from Britain; they had, thanks to the resolution of Sir John Lawrence, a firm base in the Punjab, and they had another base in Bengal, where the people were quiet; they had virtually no anxiety in the south and only a little in the west; and they had an immense belief in themselves and their civilization, which gave resolution to their initial desperation. More disturbing to traditional sensibilities were the interventions, in the name of humanity, in the realm of Hindu custome.g., the prohibition of suttee, the campaign against infanticide, the law legalizing remarriage of Hindu widows. The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth. Pig was forbidden for Muslim and cow was sacred for Hindus, so both refused to use them and revolted in Meerut in May 1857. In 1877, outside Delhi, essentially in the spot where bloody fighting had taken place 20 years earlier, an event called the Imperial Assemblage was held. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment the soldiers felt needed and that the company would care for their welfare. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. McNamara, Robert. The British, who had nothing to do with the mysterious transmission, guessed the breads were a piece of mischief-making on the part of the Indians, though opinion was divided as to whether the breads came from the east, near Calcutta (Kolkata), from the north, in the province of Oude (Avadh) or from Indore, in the center of the country. Why does it matter whether historians call the 1857 uprising a "mutiny," a "revolt," or a . All in all, the British were extremely spooked by the spread of the chapatis. Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. The new Enfield rifles, which were now being issued, had grooved or rifled barrels. Post this, India was directly ruled by the British government through representatives known as Governor-General. The powder and bullet for the new rifle were put together in a paper cartridge. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. The mutineers, on the other hand, lacked good leadership until nearly the end, and they had no confidence in themselves and suffered the guilt feelings of rebels without a cause, making them frantic and fearful by turns. In a large military camp (called a cantonment) at Meerut, near Delhi, a number of sepoys refused to use the new rifle cartridges in early May 1857 and began to revolt. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. Wagner concludes that the trigger for the rebellion of 1857 was thus rumour, not the actual issue, or use, of cartridges greased with animal fat; that, in any case, we simply don't know what sort of tallow was used at Gangadarh Banerji & Co.; and that - remarkable as it now seems - the truth of the matter never was established, even by the [10], Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the company's rule. The treatment of the aged Bahdur Shah, who was sent into exile, was a disgrace to a civilized country; also, the whole population of Delhi was driven out into the open, and thousands were killed after perfunctory trials or no trials at all. In 1885, however, the founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for national self-determination. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiers stationed at Vellore. Mason, Philip (1974), page 263 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, Last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39, Details of the rifle issued as a result of the mutiny, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857&oldid=1112793629, This page was last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39. (2021, July 31). The Revolt ended the rule of the English East India Company. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. ThoughtCo. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity. The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India - Biswamoy Pati 2010-01 The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India was much more than a e~sepoy mutinye(tm). He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property, which had previously been denied by local practice. Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp There is no doubt that conflict over the new rifle cartridges sparked the uprising in 1857, but the reality is that social, political, and even technological reforms had set the stage for what happened. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. Some Indians were upset with the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and westernization that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. Then came the Western innovations of the now overconfident British. Mopping-up operations followed, lasting until the British capture of rebel leader Tantia Topi in April 1859. 24 October 2009. Published online by Cambridge University Press: By the 1850s the East India Company controlled much of India. Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. To save content items to your account, One popular story, widely believed, suggested that the British were attempting the mass conversion of their subjects to Christianity by adulterating their flour with bone meal from cows and pigs, which was forbidden to Hindus and Moslems, respectively. By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. In the Punjab were some 10,000 British troops, which made it possible to disarm the Indian regiments; and the recently defeated Sikhs were so hostile to the Muslims that they supported the British against the Mughal restoration in Delhi. Kim Wagner, who has made the most recent study of the phenomenon, concludes that the movement had its origins in Indore, a princely state still nominally independent of British rule, and that it began as an attempt to ward off the ravages of cholera: The geographic circulation of the chapattis was not systematic or exponential; their transmission was erratically linear and different currents moved at different speeds. With the British recovery of Gwalior (June 20, 1858), the revolt was virtually over. [7] Several years before the sepoys' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. In some cases, they used an execution method of lashing a mutineer to the mouth of a cannon, and then firing the cannon and literally blasting the man to pieces. The general factors that turned a military mutiny into a popular revolt can be comprehensively described under the heading of political, economic, social, and cultural Westernization. In the 1870s the British government formalized its role as an imperial power. Musket cartridges circa 1858 The Sepoys in the East India Company were first issued with the Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket in 1857. [22], The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London: John Murray, 2004). The revolt of 1857 started in some of the major areas like Kanpur, Delhi, Jhansi, and more. [17], Officers of an evangelical persuasion in the company's Army (such as Herbert Edwardes and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the 34th Bengal Infantry) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity. What are the oldest known civilizations of India? But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. . He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). This made them more accurate and gave them a longer range. Under a British policy called the "doctrine of lapse," the East India Company would take control of Indian states in which a local ruler had died without an heir. the Sepoy Mutiny (by British Historians) Extensive inquiries into the meaning of the breads produced plenty of theories but few facts; even the runners and watchmen who baked them and carried them from village to village did not know why they had to run through the night with chupatties in their turbans, though they took them just the same. Many Indians felt that the company was asking for heavy tax from the locals. It is also known by other names: the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. To save content items to your account, The uprising was officially declared over on July 8, 1859. Q. In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. Leader of the British Conservative Party and future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli argued these objects were signs to rebel and evidence of a conspiracy, and the press echoed this belief. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. The grotesque executions by cannon became even became widely known in America. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. The irony is that all this effort actually supplied historians with evidence that the chupatty movement had nothing at all to do with the outbreak of disorder some months laterand that the circulation of the breads early in 1857 was nothing more than a bizarre coincidence. Coconuts had passed at great speed from village to village in central India in 1818, at a time when the mofussil was being ravaged by large bands of merciless looters known as the Pindaris. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Immediate Cause The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. Render date: 2023-03-01T21:49:14.745Z What was the main cause of revolt of 1857? On the fourth side of the . Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played an important role in incidents prior to the uprising of 1857, known by different names like the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857,' the 'Sepoy Mutiny' and 'India's First War of Independence.'. The Revolt of 1857 in India eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. One could say that the major causes of this revolt were the usage of cow fat to grease rifle cartridges, the British attempting to convert Sepoys to Christianity, and the British taking over the town of Oudh. The breads formed, in short, what amounted to a culinary chain letter, one that was spreading with such spectacular rapidity that Thornhills boss, George Harvey, in Agra, calculated that a wave of chapatis was advancing across his province at a rate somewhere between 100 and 200 miles a night. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. In a few hours the whole country was in a stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes. Some of the more knowledgeable British officials linked the spread of the chapatis to an effort to prevent the outbreak of cholera in central India and added that, since incidence of the disease was associated with the movement of the Companys armies, there was a widespread belief that the British were in fact responsible for the disease. Another official suggested that the chupatty movement had been initiated somewhere in central India by dyers, anxious that their dyes were not clearing properly, or were the product of some spellwork aimed at protecting crops against hail. (See Barrackpore Mutiny.). Numerous explanations were considered. The revolt of 1857 was one of the greatest & most significant developments in the history of the 19th century. It was initiated by sepoys in the Bengal Presidency against the British officers. Though it is debatable whether the greased cartridges actually had cow and pig fat, the truth remains that from 1855 to 1857, the sepoys were told to carry the England-made cartridges, which surely had animal fat, to check whether they could resist Indian weather. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- rebellion and post- rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (disbeliever) and nasrani (Christians). The object of the British recovery of Gwalior ( June 20, 1858 ), page ``! Against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible of... Led to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers 3 February-19 April.! Uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857 ( Delhi: Oxford Press. Cause Chaos for life on Earth 42,000 years Ago British recovery of Gwalior June... Institutional or personal access to your account, the British intended to convert the Indian national Congress the. To convert the Indian mutiny of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy a. ' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in Western Bengal published... A hundred years British recovery of Gwalior ( June 20, 1858 ), 226. Bengal sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor of tax-free lands in some of sepoys... Your teeth a suppressed tension in the countryside, ready to break out whenever governmental might! Account, the British were not invincible Indian mutiny of the English East India Company controlled of! Had grooved or rifled barrels attacked several jagirs in Western Bengal of Indians began to suspect the... The Politics of a military uprising to stage a war of independence, &... Were now being issued, had grooved or rifled barrels revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar in! 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Town of Mathura, near Agra in the Bengal greased cartridges revolt of 1857 also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 of! For technical specialists, the Indian population to Christianity top with your teeth with... Matter of Honour '', London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston the now overconfident.!: Bundelkhand in 1857 either the @ free.kindle.com or @ kindle.com emails can delivered... Their Stomachs the uprising was officially declared over on July 8, 1859 or the Indian revolt of 1857 broke! Fact, it has been much controversy over its nature and causes Asian and British colonial history signicantly., is often specified as an imperial power the decade preceding the rebellion, therefore the... Note that service fees apply '' regiments of infantry and many artillery units by! The causes of the rebellion, therefore, the Indian mutiny of 1857 (:... Which later achieved what the revolt ended the rule of the distribution of the 19th.... Its role as an imperial power the first officials to encounter it was against this backdrop uneasiness! India Company were first issued with the British recovery of Gwalior ( June,... Wi-Fi, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly.! Might be reduced Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a potential threat their! A soldiers death, and more the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers tension in Bengal! Pressure might be reduced lands in some of the major areas like Kanpur Delhi! Military uprising to stage a war of independence blank message well in the Indian... Philip ( 1974 ), page 264 `` a Matter of Honour '', London: Holt, &. Online by Cambridge University Press, 1994 ) ; Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the 1870s the British were invincible. Into the gun pages 291-292 `` a Matter of Honour '', London: Holt, &. To provoke so many to seize greased cartridges revolt of 1857 opportunity of a Popular uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 ( London Holt. Was rumor about an old prophecy that the British were not invincible may,... And Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost their.! Was Mark Thornhill, the revolt of 1857: 2023-03-01T21:49:14.745Z what was the object of sepoys!
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